LifePak Nano

Pooling randomized trials, astaxanthin supplementation was associated with lower post-exercise creatine kinase, a muscle-damage marker, but did not improve VO2 max or performance, suggesting benefit for recovery rather than direct performance.

Liu S, Yao W, Wei Y, Azhati S, Wu Y, Zhong W, Wang P, Dai H, Zhao K, Liu C. — Nutrients

A systematic review of 15 human studies reported astaxanthin supplementation was associated with improved endothelial function, insulin sensitivity and immune recovery, and with better oocyte quality in women with PCOS, though larger dosing trials are still needed.

Malcangi G, Inchingolo AM, Casamassima L, Trilli I, Ferrante L, Longo M, Inchingolo F, Marinelli G, Palermo A, Dipalma G, Inchingolo AD. — International journal of molecular sciences

In young male taekwondo athletes, 28 days of 12 mg astaxanthin daily was associated with higher antioxidant-enzyme activity, lower oxidative-damage markers and reduced emotional and physical exhaustion, with limited effect on other burnout dimensions.

Shu MY, Pei LY, Luo J, Zhang XY, Li HX, Shao L, Yang Y, Wang XY, Jiang FL, Zuo L, Tan YQ, Zhang XC, Liang J. — Nutrition journal

This review reports that the carotenoid astaxanthin neutralizes free radicals and upregulates the body's own antioxidant systems, and is linked to improved skin elasticity and protection against UV-induced damage, while urging more rigorous human trials.

Basher AA, Ibrahim NA, Liu HY, Basher NS, Essa MOA, Husien HM, Adam SY, Cai D. — Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

In an animal model of microplastic exposure, astaxanthin protected the gut-liver axis by activating Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling, reducing hepatocyte ferroptosis, and improving gut-barrier integrity and microbiota balance.

Guo X, Qiu Z, Qi J, Liu Y, Yang B, Wei C, Zhang J, Li Y, Ma T. — Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

An expert review on Vitamin C found that ten studies were identified, which administered different liposomal formulations, vitamin C doses (0.15-10 g) and sample collection durations (4-24 h).

Carr AC — Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology

A review found that topical L-ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant, collagen synthesis cofactor, and tyrosinase inhibitor, with clinical studies showing effectiveness in preventing photoaging, reducing wrinkles, and mitigating hyperpigmentation.

Badash A; Garibay A; Petronic-Rosic V — Clinics in dermatology

Review describes how ascorbate enhances quinone redox cycling to generate reactive oxygen species, proposed as a strategy to selectively exploit compromised antioxidant defenses in cancer cells.

Glorieux C; Enriquez-Lara C; Valderrama JA; Benites J; Calderon PB — Redox biology

A review found that vitamin C in fruits and vegetables acts as an antioxidant cofactor supporting immune regulation, collagen synthesis, and iron absorption, though its content is highly sensitive to processing and storage conditions.

Verma K; Nema PK; Badgujar PC; Venkatesh K; Rajendran A; Loushigam GL — Food chemistry

A systematic review of 194 studies found topical and oral glutathione improved skin pigmentation, brightness, hydration, and oxidative stress markers, while injectable glutathione raised systemic levels quickly but with more safety concerns.

Stanescu C; Chiscop I; Boev M; Stanescu GD; Matei MN — Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

A review synthesizing preclinical and clinical evidence describes vitamin C as reducing oxidative stress, preserving mitochondrial function, and maintaining cardiomyocyte structure, suggesting potential cardioprotective effects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.

Nsairat H; Lafi Z; Abualsoud BM; Al-Najjar BO; Al-Samydai A; Oriquat GA; Alshaer W; Alqader Ibrahim A; Dellinger AL — Journal of the American Heart Association

Review explores how ascorbate (vitamin C) supports human 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase enzymes, which drive hydroxylation reactions in collagen formation and DNA demethylation, by acting as a radical scavenger and metal-reducing cofactor.

Smith-Díaz CC; Das AB; Jurkowski TP; Hore TA; Vissers MCM — Journal of medicinal chemistry

Review of vitamin C pharmacology finds its most interesting biological functions go beyond simple antioxidant activity, arguing that deeper understanding of its pharmacological mechanisms, long overlooked in clinical research, could unlock new therapeutic uses.

Lykkesfeldt J; Carr AC; Tveden-Nyborg P — Pharmacological reviews

In rats, doxorubicin chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity was studied under concurrent 28 GHz 5G-band electromagnetic exposure, with vitamin C evaluated for a protective effect on oxidative stress markers.

Rahimi A; Rafati A; Mortazavi SMJ; Edalat F; Jooyan N; Naseh M; Keshavarz S; Jahromi HM; Nabizadeh A; Dastghaib S; Karbalaei N — Toxicology and applied pharmacology

A cell-culture study on Vitamin C found that this study revealed several collagens and 96 genes that are regulated by ascorbate in TM cells.

Holden P; Yang YF; Sun YY; Keller K — BMJ open ophthalmology

No broad favorable fracture or fall effect -- Little to no effect on most fracture and fall outcomes

Not captured in abstract review — BMJ

Review discusses balancing controlled early-morning sunlight exposure, traditionally used to help prevent vitamin D deficiency and manage neonatal jaundice, against UV radiation risks for newborns in resource-limited settings.

Olusanya BO; Boo NY — Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH

In women practicing religious intermittent fasting, 16 weeks of vitamin D supplementation corrected serum vitamin D deficiency but did not significantly change leptin or interleukin-6 levels.

Karras SN; Michalakis K; Kypraiou M; Al Anouti F; Fakhoury H; Annweiler C; Pilz S; Anemoulis M; Vlastos A; Haitoglou C; Riedmann U; Georgopoulos N; Papanikolaou EG; Tzimagiorgis G — Frontiers in endocrinology

Review describes vitamin D3 regulating immune homeostasis via VDR signaling, inhibiting NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways while activating Nrf2 antioxidant defenses, with effects varying by individual 25(OH)D levels and VDR gene polymorphisms.

Liu Q; Li Z; Li S; Li Y; Pan H; Tao Y — Frontiers in immunology

A review found that vitamin D supports calcium and phosphate absorption for bone health and fracture healing by regulating immune response, inflammation, and mineralization, with deficiency linked to osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and rickets.

Zaman MS; Ullah MI — Advances in experimental medicine and biology

Randomized trial found high-dose versus standard-dose vitamin D3 supplementation showed no benefit for child sleep up to 24 months, though children with higher 25(OH)D levels at 12 months had fewer sleep disturbances at 24 months.

Seppälä V; Holmlund-Suila E; Hauta-Alus H; Sandboge S; Kajantie E; Rosendahl J; Enlund-Cerullo M; Valkama S; Mäkitie O; Andersson S; Räikkönen K; Heinonen K — Sleep medicine

A consensus statement from vitamin D experts found that low vitamin D levels are linked to increased cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk, with supplementation shown to improve glycemia and reduce progression to diabetes in some studies.

Giustina A; di Filippo L; Aleksova A; Bollerslev J; Colao AM; Dawson-Hughes B; Donini LM; Ebeling PR; Lazaretti-Castro M; Lorusso R; Luzi L; Marcocci C; Minisola S; Napoli N; Pittas AG; Rizzoli R; Rovere Querini P; Santini F; Schafer AL; Virtanen JK; Bilezikian JP — Metabolism: clinical and experimental

A public health project developed evidence-based educational messaging on ultraviolet radiation protection aimed at reducing skin cancer risk in fair-skinned populations, given continued increases in melanoma incidence.

Brochez L; Garbe C; Amaral T; Arenberger P; Astratinei V; Autier P; Berwick M; Bylaite M; Boonen B; Del Marmol V; Dreno B; Fargnoli MC; Green AC; Greinert R; Hauschild A; Harwood CA; Hoorens I; Kandolf L; Kaufmann R; Kelleners-Smeets N; Lallas A; Lebbé C; Leiter U; Lim HW; Longo C; Malvehy J; Moreno D; Östman F; Pellacani G; Peris K; Robert C; Ryll B; Saiag P; Schadendorf D; Soyer P; Spurrier-Bernard G; Stockfleth E; Stratigos A; Uhara H; Vieira R; Weinstock MA; Whitaker D; Whiteman DC; Zalaudek I; Forsea AM; EADO Task Force for Prevention and Early Detection of Skin Cancer — Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV

25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations are shaped more by vitamin D synthesis and degradation kinetics than directly by UV exposure, producing similar summer peaks across European sites despite differing sunlight levels.

Scholze A; Shinkov A; Slavov GS; Luman M; Vallianou N; Petrauskiene V; Stubnova V; Wilson T; Shen J; Geladari E; Trigkidis K; Assing K; Bumblyte IA; Gunga HC; Kambezidis HD; Rasmussen LM; Tepel M; Hirche F; Steinach M; Stangl GI; Feister U; Tan Q — Communications medicine